ABSTRACT
To find out the effect in increase in serum 25 [OH] vitamin D levels after supplementation with 1000 lU/day of vitamin D in patients with low vitamin D levels and other factors which may affect the increase in vitamin D levels. Retrospective study. January 2013 and June 2014. Ch. Rehmat Ali Trust Teaching Hospital in the Lahore. The study included patients > 50 years with a low-energy fracture and a vitamin D level < 25 nmol/l. 85 patients were included, mean basal 25 [OH] vitamin D level was 22 nmol/l. After a mean of 10 weeks, the mean increase in vitamin D was 49.5 nmol/l. Only 45.1% reached the target level of > 50 nmol/l. The increase was correlated with the basal level of vitamin D [p < 0.05], and the time interval between the two vitamin D measurements [p < 0.05] and was inversely related to body weight [p < 0.05], but was not related to age, gender or renal function. We found that the generally recommended dosage of 1000 IU of vitamin D per day resulted in suboptimal serum levels after ten weeks of treatment in more than half of the patients. The increase in vitamin D levels was higher in patients with low body weight and in patients with very low basal vitamin D levels. These data suggest that these patients should initially be treated with higher dosages of vitamin D. If not possible, vitamin D measurements should be performed after at least six months of supplementation with dosage adjustment
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Female , Aged , Vitamin D Deficiency , Retrospective Studies , 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 , Fractures, BoneABSTRACT
In Pakistan the total fertility rate is 4.5 which is too high and the main reason for this is the low contraceptive prevalence rate of only 28%. A woman's ability to space and limit her pregnancies has a direct impact on her health and as well as on the outcome of each pregnancy". The population of Pakistan represents 2.56% of the world's total population which mean that every 39th person of the world is resident of Pakistan
Objectives: To highlight the factors affecting male's decision making regarding family planning in district Buner KPK
Study Design: A cross sectional study
Setting: District Buner, KPK
Period: March, 2015 and July, 2015
Methods: Stratified simple random sampling was performed for collecting data. Sample size of 210 was collected from two Union Councils of Buner. Outcome variable was husband's decision making regarding family planning. Researcher administered questionnaire was used for data collection
Results: Husband's decision making regarding family planning was mainly effected desire for more children, 68.5% of the respondents were male decision maker who had desire for more children. Family structure also influence the decision maker's decision as in nuclear families 90.7% were decision maker were from nuclear family. Religious perception and side effects was contributing to family planning decision making
Conclusion: The study showed that 71.9% of male and 6.9% female take the decision of family planning. The study results showed that desire for more children, lack of information, family structure, and fear of side effects and perception of people that family planning is against Islam played an important role in decision making regarding family planning
ABSTRACT
Viperidae venoms contain toxins that are direct or indirect anticoagulants that inhibit the clotting pathway, therefore increasing the risk of bleeding. Several venoms from the families Viperidae contain proteolytic enzymes that exercise some effect on the blood coagulation process. Snake venom toxins which delay blood coagulation are proteins or glycoprotein with molecular weights ranging from 6 kDa to 350 kDa. These factors inhibit blood coagulation by different mechanisms.Some snake venoms contain toxins that are direct or indirect anticoagulants, which inhibit the clotting process, thus increasing the risk of bleeding. Snake venom toxins that prolong blood coagulation are proteins or glycoproteins with molecular masses ranging from 6 to 350 kDa. The crude venom of E. carinatuswas obtained from the Venomous Animals from department of microbiology Hazara University, Mansehra [Pakistan]. Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sepharose columns were purchased from Pharmacia [Sweden]. CaCl2 and PT kit was purchased from Fisher Diagnostics [USA]. Protein markers were obtained from BioRad [Hercules, USA]. Other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade from Fluka and Merck. The anticoagulant fractions [F2C and F2D] isolated in the present work were characterized as proteases, since a photolytic effect was observed on casein, BAPNA or human plasma. Our results showed that the PT value significantly increased in the F2C and F2D fractions as compared with PT value of the crude venom. Inthe present study, the venom of Echiscarinatuswas fractionated by chromatography and each fraction evaluated by PT test. These fractions showed enzymatic activity. Their main components were proteins of molecular weights of about 42, 50 and 79 kDa.. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis
ABSTRACT
What are the health-related problems of the aged and why do they feel lonely? To study the health-related problems and loneliness among the elderly in different micro-environment groups. Participants: Aged persons of age 65 years and above. Cross-sectional. Urban and rural area of Abbottabad. 1st Jan, 2012 to 31st Dec, 2012. T-test and Z-test. During the study, it was found that out of the total 361 aged persons of Abbott bad, 311 [86.1%] persons reported one or more health-related complaints, with an average of two illnesses. The illness was higher among the females [59.5%] as compared to males [40.5%]. The main health-related problems were disorders of the circulatory system [51.2%], musculoskeletal system and connective tissue [45.7%]. It was also found that loneliness was prevalent more in females [72.8%] as compared to males [65.6%]. Loneliness was more prevalent among persons who lived alone [92.2%] as compared to those who lived with their spouse [58.9%] or when husband and wife lived with the family [61.4%]. It was higher among the widows [85.2%] and widowers [75.8%] who lived with the family as compared to the aged who lived with the spouse [58.9%] and the aged husband and wife who lived with the family [61.4%]. Special geriatric services should be started in the hospitals as the majority of the aged have one or more health-related problems. The aged persons should be involved in social activities to avoid loneliness among them
ABSTRACT
The two HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are released from HCV polyprotein by signal peptidase cleavages. These glycoproteins are type I transmembrane proteins with a highly glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain and a C-terminal hydrophobic anchor. Methods and pathways: After their synthesis, HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 associate as a non covalent heterodimer. The transmembrane domains of HCV envelope glycoproteins play a major role in E1-E2 heterodimer assembly and subcellular localization. The envelope glycoprotein complex E1-E2 has been proposed to be essential for HCV entry. Results and However, for a long time, HCV entry studies have been limited by the lack of a robust cell culture system for HCV replication and viral particle production. Recently, a model mimicking the entry process of HCV lifecycle has been developed by pseudo typing retroviral particles with native HCV envelope glycoproteins, allowing the characterization of functional E1-E2 envelope glycoproteins., we review our understanding to date on the assembly of the functional HCV glycoprotein heterodimer